Independent AfricaIndependent Africa explores Africa's political economy in the first two full decades of independence through the joint projects of nation building, economic development, and international relations. Drawing on the political careers of four heads of states: Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Ahmed Skou Tour of Guinea, Lopold Sdar Senghor, and Julius Kambarage Nyerere of Tanzania, Independent Africa engages four major themes: what does it mean to construct an